iProblems
Problem:
You can only sync your default Google calendar to Outlook calendar using Google Calendar Sync, but you want to sync ALL your calendars.
The Not-quite Solution:
The easiest way is to merge all your Google calendars into your default Google calendar, but then you lose the pretty colors and Google is likely to release an update in the future that will make this entire article moot. The goal here is a temporary solution that is completely reversible and merging your calendars is not reversible.
Problem:
I may be the only person who has ever had this problem, but if you use ZoneAlarm as a firewall, it can prevent your iPhone from syncing with iTunes. It can even prevent iTunes from recognizing that your iPhone is plugged in.